Solar panel system with monocoque supporting structure

ABSTRACT

A solar panel system comprises a monocoque forming an enlarged self-supporting solar-facing generally-convex support surface when in an installed position supports solar cells attached (or formed directly on it) at optimal angles for capturing solar energy. The monocoque provides a stressed-skin or stiff-sheet support reducing weight while maintaining strength and minimizing cost. A post engages and supports adjacent edges of a pair of adjacent monocoques. An electrical circuit connects the solar cells for electrical flow and power management, and preferably includes a controller for controlling power from the solar cells, including combining them in series or parallel as optimal for a given systems configuration. The illustrated monocoque includes a roll formed sheet or a number of sheets, stacked vertically together and anchored to spaced posts using connectors in a “fence-like” pattern.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/035,117 filed Feb. 25, 2011, entitled SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM WITHMONOCOQUE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE, which in turn claims benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/353,379, filed Jun. 10, 2010,entitled SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM WITH MONOCOQUE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE under 35U.S.C. Section 119(e), the entire content of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to photovoltaic (PV) solar panel systems,and more particularly relates to a PV-solar panel system withstressed-skin, monocoque supporting structure that functions tooptimally position the solar panels for receiving sunlight as the sun'sposition changes in its daily transit from east to west, but that alsominimizes weight, cost of materials, installation costs, and capitalinvestment of such systems by incorporating a monocoque-mountingstructure fabricated from relatively thin, curved materials whicheliminates most of the skeletal support structures required in planarmounting of photovoltaic materials common to known solar installations.

Solar-electric systems installations are expensive not only because ofthe costs of the solar cells/panels themselves and balance of systemcomponents, but also because of the costs to acquire and install theunderlying physical-support structures they require. In common practice,solar-electric panel systems (photovoltaic arrays) use structural metalbeams to provide the physical support for the active, electricitygenerating solar materials so that the photovoltaic materials aresupported at optimal angles to the sun, having optimal spacing in anarray/field of solar panels, and creating the designed physical mountingstrength to meet weight and wind-load and environmental requirements forthe installation.

Further, many solar panel systems include pivot-and-tracking mechanismsso that solar panel modules can be continuously oriented toward the sunas it tracks across the sky. However, these tracked-arrays represent thehighest cost approach to mounting PV-materials because the heavy gaugestructural support frames and pivot-and-tracking mechanisms areexpensive to buy, install, operate, and maintain. While these “tracking”PV systems may provide the absolute maximum generating power for a givennumber of framed PV-panels, their overall higher initial cost andpotential for failures in the tracking mechanisms may detract from theircompetitiveness for solar panel systems as compared to thefixed-orientation solar installation described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, a modular solar panel systemincludes a plurality of monocoques defining a self-supporting curvedshape and including at least one solar panel on the curved shape, aplurality of posts with opposing sides engaging and supporting avertical side edge of the monocoques, and an electrical circuitinterconnecting the solar panels for electrical flow and powermanagement.

In another aspect of the present invention, a solar panel systemincludes a monocoque formed from a curved panel including an exteriorcurved support surface facing toward the sun when in an installedposition, and an electrical circuit including a plurality of solar cellssupported on the support surface and interconnected for electrical flowand power management.

In another aspect of the present invention, a modular solar panel systemhaving a stressed skin support structure including at least one sheetdefining a curved shape where strength derived from the curved shapeassists in self-maintaining the shape in a at least one direction, theat least one sheet defining an enlarged outwardly-facing supportsurface, and a plurality of solar cells supported on the supportsurface.

In another aspect of the present invention, a solar panel systemincludes a plurality of units arranged in a row with vertical side edgesof adjacent pairs of the units being aligned and near each other, eachunit including a stressed-sheet support structure with a curved surfacebetween the vertical side edges, and further including at least onesolar cell on the curved surface. A plurality of ground-engagingsupports, each having first and second opposing surfaces engaging andsupporting the first and second vertical edges of the adjacent units,respectively, whereby thermal expansion of the units is taken up by atleast one of tolerances of the units and ground-engaging supports and bya change in a curvature of the units undergoing thermal dimensionalchange.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fixed installationthat minimizes manufacturing and installation costs, while allowingoptimization of the system's aiming angle(s) for receiving solar powerthroughout a day, doing so without requiring tracking or movement of itssolar panels and without requiring massive supporting framework.

An object of the present invention is to utilize a monocoque structureto reduce the cost of mounting systems for photovoltaic systems to aslittle as 15% of the total costs of the installation, as compared toconventional steel structural mounting utilizing beams which can be25%-35% of the total installed-system's cost. For example, my estimatesshow that one solar product company now would spend about $0.80 to $1.20per watt for mounting their flexible solar laminates in ground mountinstallations, while the present monocoque system would do so in the$0.30 per watt range. Additionally, the present monocoque system wouldgreatly reduce on-site preparation costs and greatly reduce installationcosts.

An object of the present invention is to use a monocoque to both providea sub-frame to support a solar panel system and also provide a curvedshape to hold the solar panels.

An object of the present invention is to provide a rapidly deployablesolar power system that can provide significant and reliable solarpower, yet at reasonable cost and very quick set up times.

An object of the present invention is to provide a monocoque supportiveframe that both stabilizes a flexible solar PV film and also presentsthe flexible solar PV material for use on a self-shape-holding structurewithout the need for additional skeletal framework.

These and other features, advantages, and objects of the presentinvention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled inthe art by reference to the following specification, claims, andappended drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a rear perspective view of a ground-mounted solar panel systemembodying the present invention, including several parallel rows ofmonocoques positioned edge to edge and each supporting a solar panel,and with posts supporting adjacent monocoques.

FIGS. 2-4 are side, top and rear views of a single monocoque and solarpanel from FIG. 1, but with a left side of the post having brackets andthe adjacent monocoque exploded away in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged partially-exploded view of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a cross section taken along line VI-VI in FIG. 5; and FIG. 6Ais a cross section of a modified system that shows the PV materialmounted at a rear of the post channel thus allowing wiring terminals tobe mounted on a front face of the PV material.

FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a top of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the post and side cover inFIG. 6, similar to FIG. 6 but from a different viewpoint and also withadditional post details.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of a blank sheet of metal pre-punched with holesand ready to be roll formed into the post shown in FIGS. 5-8.

FIGS. 10-10B are perspective views showing alternative monocoqueconstructions, and FIGS. 10C-10E are cross sections showing alternativepost constructions.

FIGS. 11-12 are perspective views showing front and rear details of thepost and showing wire routing and wire storage

FIGS. 13-13A are schematic views showing a field installation and gridconsiderations.

FIG. 14 is a side view of a roll-forming process for forming theillustrated monocoque.

FIGS. 15-16 are side views showing a post installation method (FIG. 15)and monocoque-to-post installation method (FIG. 16).

FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing a monocoque with integral wirewaychannel formed along its top edge, and with a mating interlocking bottomedge to join panel A and panel B; and FIG. 18 is a perspective viewshowing a panel-to-panel jumper box for use with the wireway channel inFIG. 17.

FIGS. 19-22 are perspective views showing additional modifiedinstallations/constructions.

FIGS. 23-24 are top exploded and top assembled views showing anadditional modified monocoque.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present solar panel system includes a plurality of monocoques (alsocalled a “monocoque support structure” or “solar-panel-supportingstructure” or “curved frame” herein) each having a curved outer surfaceformed by thin sheet material, thin film solar panels with a pluralityof solar cells on the outer surfaces, a plurality of posts (also called“anchoring system” or “upright monocoque supports” or “mountingstandards” herein) configured to matably engage, hold, and anchor sidesof the monocoques in a fence-like pattern, and an electrical circuitconnecting the solar cells for electrical flow and power management. Ina field installation, a post is positioned between each adjacent pair ofmonocoques, with the opposing sides of each post supporting the adjacentside edges of the pair of monocoques. The posts are extended into theground at a desired angle and a specified spacing between posts tosupport the solar cells on the monocoques at an optimal solar collectionangle. Stress-distributing connectors (also called “locking clips” or“mechanical stress-distributing attachment brackets” herein) are used tosecure the vertical side edges of the monocoques to the posts. By thisarrangement, a solar panel system can be quickly installed andconstructed with reduced capital investment in support structure overtraditional support systems, reduced capital investment in sitepreparation and installation over traditional support systems, reducedcapital investment in maintenance and repair over traditional systems,and yet with increased flexibility of design and customization to meetthe needs of various installations.

The illustrated monocoque is a stressed-skin support structure or curvedframe construction in which the outer skin construction carries all or amajor part of the stresses. (See definition of the term “monocoque” inWebster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary,© 1991 by Merriam-WebsterInc.) In a preferred form, the present monocoques are self-shape-holdingrigid structures that take advantage of the curved shape of a thin sheetof structural material to help form the rigidity. As will be understoodby an artisan or structural engineer familiar with such structures, thesheet takes on considerable strength when it is curved, thus reducingoverall weight while maintaining structural integrity and stiffness. Theposts support opposing vertical side edges of the monocoques, adding toand supplementing the structural integrity and stiffness of the overallsystem. In particular, the illustrated Mono-Mount™ system of posts is alow cost, multi-function, integrated solution to meeting therequirements for mounting flexible, thin-film photovoltaic (PV)materials in solar power systems. In its various embodiments, the postsmay be ground mounted or roof-top mounted, and can be used to accept andsupport various sized flexible or inflexible PV-laminate or crystallinematerials. By this arrangement, it can be used to deploy solarphotovoltaic electrical generation installations in small powerPV-systems or in large multi-megawatt-peak PV-power projects, asdescribed hereafter. Also, the need for an extensive supportiveframework with beams is eliminated.

While the present Mono-Mount™ system is ideally suited to mount agrowing number of factory-made flexible, light weight PV-laminatesemploying various chemistries and substrate materials, it iscontemplated that a scope of the present invention includes futuretechnical breakthroughs which will emerge. For example, it iscontemplated that a scope of the present invention will includeadvancements that allow direct deposition of photoactive materials on ametallic or metalized polymer substrate, where the substrate hasmechanical properties sufficient to function as a monocoque and functionas a solar-cell-mounting substrate, whether the final material is curvedbefore or after the photoactive surface is deposited. In particular, itis contemplated that a scope of the present invention includes the useof any curved surface structure where the curved surface structurecontributes to the overall structural integrity of the final solarmounting product, particularly when used without continuoussub-structural support, such as beam frames.

A significant difference between the present Mono-Mount™ system 50 andconventional framed-structure PV mounting systems resides in the factthat the present Mono-Mount™ system uses curved, thin-gauge materials(steel, aluminum, other metal, polymeric, or composite, such as steel oraluminum sheet having a thickness of 1-6 mm and a tensile strength of20+ ksi, or more preferably 60+ kis) as mounting surfaces applied instressed-skin, monocoque configuration. The present monocoque structuresare captured between dual-facing posts, and thus eliminate a substantialamount of skeletal support structural elements required to mountconventional, framed solar panels. The additional weight savings ofusing thin film solar laminates over framed crystalline PV-panels stemsfrom their 2 to 1 weight savings on a per-watt installed-weight basisbecause crystalline cell panels are inherently heavier thanthin-film-photovoltaic materials by a factor of two. For example, thepresent thin film can be about 2-6 mm thick. This also contributes tothe cost savings of using monocoque mounting of thin-film-PV materialson materials costs, shipping, and handling costs, and installation costdifferences between the types of solar panels used and the resultingchoice of mounting methods. The resulting systems' cost savings favorthe use of monocoque structures matched with thin-film, light weightflexible PV-laminates in a least-total-system's cost tabulation.

Monocoque PV-mounting surfaces may be made from a single sheet of metal,reinforced polymer, or composite materials fabricated into a simple orcomplex curved surface so as to provide the mounting substrate forflexible PV-laminates or directly deposited solar photovoltaicmaterials. The resulting solar collector may be oriented such that anedge or its curved surface is parallel to or perpendicular to theearth's surface or positioned at any rotated angle between. It iscontemplated that a monocoque as used herein may be made fromalternative constructions. For example, a monocoque may be made of asingle sheet of foam with paper or metallic “skin” on front and rearfaces. Notably, the preferred monocoque is curved longitudinal shape,such that it is curved about a single axis and is linear in a directionperpendicular to the single axis. Longitudinal channel ribs may beformed therein that extend along the curvature for increased stiffnessof the monocoques. It is also contemplated that the monocoque can bebent to have a simple curvature (i.e. to have a changing curvature in asingle plane, such as a right-angled cylindrical chord) or to have acomplex curvature (i.e. to be curved in multiple planes).

Notably, the monocoque may be made from a single sheet of material orcan be made from several curved sections attached together. Themonocoque can be any size desired, depending on the particularfunctional requirements of an installation. For example, outdoormonocoques used in fields of solar panels can be 6 feet high by 9 feetwide, and curved to a convex shape of between about 20-30 degrees of acircular arc, such as about 12 to 18 inches deep at its center. Whenmade from several curved sections attached together, they may be stackedor affixed together. For example, the several curved sections can be 16inch wide pans joined at edges to create a “solid” curved surface. Theseveral curved sections also may be held by spaced posts to create acumulative curved surface for holding the solar panels, with both theposts and the monocoque contributing structural strength to the assemblyto maintain an assembled shape.

The illustrated monocoque in FIG. 10 is made from a single sheet and isideally suited for mounting “peel and stick” flexible, thin-film PVlaminates. However, it can adapt to any PV material which can besectioned in small enough dimensions so as to follow the curved surfacefrom end to end (such as inflexible ceramic tile used in a mosaic may bemade to follow a curved path so long as its dimension does not preventthe use of a continuous adhesive medium). There are several examples ofthin width but long length crystalline solar cells that could readily bemounted “vertically” on a curved surface making the resulting solarpanel double as a mounting structure. For example, the thin-width butlong-length solar cells could be mounted vertically on the monocoquepanel.

Typically, curved sections prepared for use in monocoque structures willhave integral-reinforcing to increase its total mechanical strength. Forexample, a metallic sheet may be roll formed into a curved structureusing tooling that simultaneously forms grooves and/or flanges and/orpatterns of indentations which give the surface lateral stiffness tomeet the mechanical requirements for the final structure. Any suchstiffening forms may be positioned so as to be between laminates orunder laminates so as to not interfere with the bonding of the PVlaminate with the monocoque substrate. It is contemplated thatadditional stiffeners could be adhered or fastened to the monocoquestructure as well.

Another embodiment of monocoque structures may be a laminated structure,either metallic or composite, where curved-skin materials (front andrear surfaces) are separated by inner core strengthening materials whichare bonded to both surfaces. Such construction will include some way ofaffixing individual panels together at the seams, or may includestacking them together with interlocking flanges, which may be hemmed orfixed such as with adhesives, or stacking them together using posts tomaintain alignment and for edge strengthening.

This present system incorporates a novel, multi-functional mountingsystem including post(s) and locking connectors (also called “clips”herein). The post consists of a pre-stamped, roll-formed“Capture-Mount™” mounting post which can be driven in the ground wheresoil conditions permit or cemented into predrilled holes where soils arefouled with debris (in a remediation site for example) or where soilsare rocky or are even solid rock.

A first functional-novelty of these posts is that they will bedual-facing, allowing each post to capture the vertical side edge of anadjacent pair of monocoque solar surfaces (one going left-the othergoing right). This reduces material and installation costs by cutting inhalf the number of mounting posts. Thus, the Mono-Mount™ system requiressubstantially less material and less installation time and manpower overconventional structural-steel, erector-set systems which must use atleast twice as many driven posts for weight bearing and thermalexpansion compensation reasons.

A second novelty of these posts (and also of the monocoques with curvedshapes) is that they enable a built-in tolerance for thermal expansionof the system, both due to tolerances in the locking mechanism and alsodue to the monocoque's shape. Specifically, when installing long rows ofsolar panels, there must be spacing between conventionalmounting-structures to accommodate thermal expansion between cold andhot environmental changes (daily or seasonally). In contrast, thepresent Mono-Mount™ system has two mechanisms to absorb thermalexpansion. The first is an inherent slip-joint effect within the captureof the mounting posts, allowed by the dimensions of the edge-capturingconnectors, where the slip-joint effect allows a designed tolerance oflateral thermal growth or contraction of the groups of panels tiedtogether in a single row. The second is an ability for the curved systemto have a designed-in spring function to allow a controlled deformationin long, series line-ups of Mono-Mount™ structures. (In other words, thecurved shape of the monocoques can change curvature slightly toaccommodate thermal expansion along a given row.) The combination ofthese two effects will allow continuous, interconnection of the presentmonocoque system is limited only by other location-specificrequirements, such as roadway breaks throughout the solar farm, orgeographic reasons such rivers, trees, rock ledges, and/or for asesthetic appearance choices by solar architects designing a givensite/installation.

A third novelty of this mounting system is that while still “in theflat,” the material which will be formed into the mounting posts can bepunched to allow several functional features. Punched retainer holes canbe formed in the flat such that they end up strategically located toaccept the stress-distributing connectors which will be forced into thecavity between the post and the end of the solar collector to fix thevertical side edges of monocoques to respective posts. The connectorsinclude “fish-hook-like” resilient spring tabs that align with thepunched retainer holes and that snap through the retainer holes tosecure the solar collector and the mounting posts together. Theconnectors are designed to prevent separation of the monocoques from theposts and to withstand forces from wind loads, while allowing someslippage to compensate for thermal expansion. It is noted that themonocoques can be secured to the posts via a number of different ways,and that while the preferred connector is illustrated, it is alsocontemplated that other fastening means may be used, such as threadedfasteners, non-threaded fasteners (such as rivets, push-in clips,snap-in and friction-fit fasteners), and other mechanical fasteners(such as brackets with hooks). It is also contemplated that a scope ofthe present invention includes other attachment systems, such asadhering means, welding, or crimping.

A fourth novelty of this system is that the posts can have apre-dimensioned hole which allows the insertion of a bottom-of-the-panellocating pin which when employed will allow the timely insertion of thesolar collecting panels into the driven end posts exactly lining up theholes in the panels with the holes in the posts and thus allows for thequick insertion of the locking clips tying the system mechanicallytogether.

A fifth novelty of this system is embedded in the ability to formintegral functional features in the curved monocoque structures. Forexample, a formed and semi-enclosed back-flange can be formed along atop of the monocoque sheet, with the back flange being under-bentsufficiently to form a covered upfacing wireway channel along the topedge. It is noted that the back flange/wireway must be configured toaccommodate posts at its ends by aligning the wireways with preformedholes in the inner-flanges of the mounting posts for passinghidden-wiring through adjacent monocoques. The covered wireway providesprotection from weather and outdoor elements, yet allows wires to berouted along rows of the monocoques, and further allows the wires to bepulled for convenient inspection and repair of plug-in connectors. It isnoted that solid, enclosed conduits are not desired because they preventinspection. However, the present curved or semi-rectangular crosssection will both allow easy access to passing wires and connectorswhile providing environmental protection for the electricalconnection-system.

A common configuration for wiring in large PV-farms requires long seriesconnections of low-voltage panels to build the total operating voltageof such strings-of-panels. At present, the National Electrical Code isbeing changed to increase the upper limit of PV-string-voltages from 600vdc to 1,000 vdc. A likely embodiment of the Mono-Mount™ systemdescribed herein would be to use 4-PV-series connected laminates on eachmonocoque to create a 50 volt DC solar power unit, 500 wp each—then touse 21 mounting posts to deploy 20 such electrically-interconnectedstructures in a line to create the desired 1000 vdc system offtakevoltage with a power rating of 10 kwp (see FIG. 13).

In such a series-chain connection—except for the first (#1) and last(#20) monocoques, the electrically positive connection on each monocoqueplugs into the electrically negative connection on the next monocoque inthis illustrated 20 monocoque row. With the wireway formed in the top ofeach monocoque described in this fifth novelty interfacing withpreformed holes in the interior slot of the mounting posts, it becomesconvenient to bring the single connecting wire necessary to complete the20-structure series-circuit back through the interior of the posts andwireway channels in each monocoque. For clarification—for the firstmonocoque in a line of 20—only one connection to the next monocoque canbe made in series-electrical connection (say the positive lead in thisexample leaving the negative lead in the first monocoque temporarilyunconnected). Whereupon the second and every succeeding monocoque willhave both negative and positive leads connected (one to the positiveconnector on the previous monocoque and the other to the negativeconnection on next monocoque). Then the 20^(th) monocoque, like thefirst, will only be connected to the previous 19 by its negativelead—therefore requiring one run of a single conductor along thewireways in all 20 monocoques, through the interior of the mountingposts to be connected to the beginning (#1) negative lead. Only in thisway will both the positive and negative 1000 vdc power be electricallypresent at a single point (#20). This location will commonly use a “1000vdc combiner-box” for convenient integrative, parallel connection ofmultiple strings to the larger system of multiple such rows. Thesecombiner boxes can readily be configured to mount on the end-posts ofeach string, and where codes permit, could provide an inner-post passagedown to underground wiring or up to overhead wiring.

A sixth novelty of this system involves interconnection of wires betweenmonocoques at the location of the posts. The present posts are designedwith an enlarged bulbous channel location between the oppositely facingchannels that receive the vertical side edges of adjacent monocoques.The enlarged bulbous channel forms a cavity for housing wiring andwiring connectors from the solar cells. Access holes are pre-punchedinto the blank before forming the posts, such that the access holes endup at strategic locations to accept the power output wire of eachPV-element when the post is roll formed. A grommet can be snapped intothe holes to prevent sharp edges of the post material from damaging theinsulator of the wires. The grommet can also help resist moistureintrusion through the access holes, and can provide resilience to allowinsertion of the wire connectors through the access holes whileproviding a minimum clearance to the electrical wiring. A boot-like topcover or cap is used to cover a top of the posts and a slip-on linearcover can be installed to close the open-back of the posts from groundto top of the post, thus maintaining closure of the wire-containingcavity in the post from the weather and outdoor elements. It is notedthat the cover can be notched to receive a top edge of the monocoque, oralternatively, the post can extend a few inches above the monocoque sothat the cover does not have to be notched.

As described below, the posts provide a protected enclosure for wiringand electrical connectors. The illustrated posts also provide easyaccess to the wiring for visual inspection andmaintenance/quality-assurance/repair functions. If desired, it iscontemplated that a junction box (typically a fabricated metal orthermo-plastic accessible enclosure) can be designed to attach to a post(such as to a top of the post or to a rear or front of the post) iflocal codes stipulate an enclosed jumper housing between adjacentmonocoques. The junction box would serve as an interconnectingcollection point for the wiring giving both electrical and weatherprotection for the system. This “junction box” will lock into the backof the posts. Also, power wiring can be run within the inner-hollowcavities of the post into and terminated within the box, thus reducingcosts of electrical wiring of the system while allowing visualinspection, electrical shock prevention, and environmental protection ofthe completed system's wiring. Still further, the junction box can besufficient in size to house other components, such as a telemetrysensor(s) for sensing system performance, a transmitter for transmittingsystem performance data to a controller/main station. A micro-invertercan also be easily installed in these boxes or on the back of the postsif the microinverters are weather-proof, permitting AC wiring of theentire system. This practice is becoming more commonly used by solardesigners and the Mono-Mount™ system will accept these distributed ACinverter systems with ease by providing a variety of mounting and wiringoptions.

The present mounting post system can be installed over a sloping terrainoften without having extensive leveling of the site required, whichresults in substantial cost and environmental preservation benefits. Forexample, site preparation is greatly reduced, and in some locationstotally eliminated. It is contemplated that in many locations, postinstallation can be accomplished with manual “post drivers” or automated“hammer drivers” controlled by a master topography plan and located bydifferential-beacon GPS positioning systems. This can facilitatethree-dimensional, computer-aided design of the entire system thatconsiders the complex topography of the site, “forbidden” zones havingburied utilities, or designer's aesthetic and functional requirements.

For all of the above reasons, this system provides a very competitive,low cost solution for mounting flexible PV laminates. It integratesmechanical and electrical systems for ease of installation and low totalcost, while taking advantage of excellent mechanical strength ofmonocoques, and while providing excellent overall esthetics and safetyfor PV-system installations. An important part of this innovation restsin the use of curved surfaces formed from metallic, polymeric(reinforced or not) or composite materials to form monocoques, so as torely on their curved architecture (simple or complex geometry) for asubstantial contribution of required mechanical strength and reductionof costs in creating PV-solar installations.

Several variations and enhancements can be integrated into the presentinnovative system, as described above and below, as will be understoodby persons skilled in this art and as illustrated by the followingexamples.

A modular solar panel system 50 (FIGS. 1-5) includes a plurality ofmonocoques 51 each defining a curved shape that derives strength fromthe curved shape for maintaining the curved shape, each including atleast one solar panel or solar cell 52 on the curved shape. A pluralityof posts 53 are provided, each with opposing sides configured to engageand support a vertical side edge of adjacent ones of the monocoques 51.An electrical circuit 54 includes wiring 55 that interconnects the solarpanels 52 for electrical flow and power management.

In the description below, FIGS. 1-3 generally show an environment of aninstalled system 50, and FIGS. 4-7 focus on a particular illustratedmonocoque 51 with solar cells 52 thereon and support by a pair of spacedposts 53. FIGS. 8-9 provide additional details of a preferred embodimentincluding the illustrated post 53. FIGS. 10-10B show alternativemonocoque constructions, while FIGS. 10C-10E show alternative postconstructions. FIGS. 11-12 show details facilitating wire routing andstorage, while FIGS. 13-13A show a field installation and gridconsiderations for a total system. FIG. 14 illustrates a roll-formingprocess for forming the illustrated monocoque, while FIGS. 15-16 show afield installation methodology. FIG. 17 illustrates a panel withintegral wireway channel formed therein, and FIG. 18 illustrated apanel-to-panel jumper box. FIGS. 19-22 show additional modifiedinstallations/constructions, and FIG. 23 shows an additional modifiedmonocoque.

More specifically, FIG. 1 shows the present system 50 installed in anopen field with gentle slopes, with FIG. 2 showing an end view of thesystem and FIG. 3 showing a view generally perpendicular to a center ofone of the solar panels 52. The illustrated system 50 (FIG. 1) includes5 rows of monocoques, with 10 monocoques in each row. The advantage ofplacing fifty monocoques in the illustrated arrangement is discussedabove and also discussed below relative to FIGS. 13-13A. However, it isnoted that a particular site's designed arrangement can be in anyparticular pattern or arrangement desired, with more or less rows, andmore or less monocoques in a given row. It is noted that the illustratedmonocoques have a generally convex surface facing a desired commonorientation. However, it is contemplated that the monocoques can insteadhave their concave surface facing toward the sun, or can be arranged toalternatingly present concave and convex surfaces along the line ofmonocoques. In fact, the monocoques can be arranged in any desiredarray. For example, it is contemplated that the monocoque orientationscan be chosen based on a particular aesthetic look desired by an on-sitedesigner/architect/landscaper. This allows a particular installation tobe adapted to gentle curves of the particular landscape on which it isattached, and to accommodate different land features, such as streams,ponds, tree lines, rocks, cliffs, sharp terrain, roads, buildings, andother man-made and naturally-occurring features, while also providing adesired appearance. Anchor cables, guy wires, and/or end braces can beused to maintain the post 53 at the end of a line of monocoques 51, andalso can be used periodically along a length of a line of monocoques 51to maintain their proper angle to the sun and for support as needed.

It is specifically contemplated that the monocoques 51 can be positionedin a sinusoidal arrangement, with the curvature of each adjacentmonocoque facing in an opposite direction, but with the solar panels allbeing on a side of each monocoque such that the solar panels face towarda sun's position. It is also contemplated that in some systems, thesolar panels can be longer (or shorter) than a width of the monocoques,such that a particular solar panel bridges across a given post.

The system 50 (FIG. 1) includes the electrical circuit 54 with wiring 55that connects the solar panels 52 to a control system including acontroller 56. The control system and controller 56 are connected,programmed and configured to control electrical flow and powermanagement, including routing electrical power to a storage device 57 orto a main electrical grid 58 for distribution of electrical power to acommunity or business. The system may include sensors and wirelesscommunication connected to communicate with the controller in order tooptimally control electrical flow and power.

FIGS. 2-3 illustrate the relationship of the curved support surface 60of the monocoques 51 to the sun 61 as it tracks across a sky. It isnoted that the sun 61 can be at an angle to the solar panels 52 relativeto the horizon (FIG. 2) and further that a path of the sun 61 willchange throughout the day (FIG. 3). It is also noted that the presentmonocoques 51 could be positioned in other orientations. For example, itis contemplated that a solar-panel-supporting monocoque 51 could bepositioned with both of its vertical side edges resting on (orpositioned close to) the ground, and with its curved middle portionarching above the ground. This arrangement might potentially be veryuseful on a building roof, since wind and torsional stresses would beminimized, and also mounting and anchoring would potentially besimplified.

Notably, my data and also published data shows that recent advances insolar cell technology have made solar cells effective even when the sunis not directly perpendicular to the solar cell's exterior surface.Thus, the present system is highly effective even when the sun 61 is atan early morning or late afternoon position. Further, my testing showsthat operation and effectiveness of the present system is sufficienteven though its angle is fixed while the angle of the sun changes from ahigher position in a summer season to a lower position during a winterseason.

FIGS. 4-7 focus on a particular illustrated post 53 for supportingvertical side edges of the monocoque 51 with solar cells 52 thereon. Theillustrated posts 53 (FIG. 6) are roll formed from a sheet of steel oraluminum such as 2 to 6 mm thickness and 20 ksi to 80 ksi tensilestrength, and also coated or treated for resistance to corrosion anddegradation in outdoor elements. The illustrated post 53 includes abulbous center section 65 and channel-forming edge sections 66 on bothsides of the center section 65. The center section 65 includes a bulbouscurvilinear channel body defining a vertical cavity 69 for holdingwires. The edge sections 66 define a wire access slot 70 between themfor access to the cavity 69. The outer edges of the center section 65are connected to and support the edge sections 66. The edge sections 66form oppositely/outwardly-facing U-shapes. Each edge section 66 includesfirst and second parallel walls 71 and 72 connected by a transverse wall73. The posts 53 have sufficient strength such that they can be driveninto the ground (FIG. 4), or can be set in concrete.

The walls 71 and 72 are spaced apart and include bracket-receivingattachment holes 74 (formed in the original flat blank sheet, see FIG.9) so that the holes 74 end up in corresponding aligned positions on thewalls 71 and 72 after the post 53 is roll formed (FIG. 6). An angled tipflange 72′ extends at an angle from the wall 72. The bulbous centersection 65 also includes wire-routing access holes 63 near the edgesections 66 (formed in the original flat blank sheet, see FIG. 9) topermit routing of wiring 55 from the solar panels 52 into thewire-holding cavity 69. Notably, the top hole 63 (FIG. 9) allows routingof wiring continuously along the channel at a top of the monocoques,while the lower holes 63 allow routing of wires into the cavity 69 ofthe posts. Additional holes are formed in the post as desired, such asfor receiving a bottom pin for setting a height of the monocoque on thepost. If desired, it is contemplated that a lower end of the post 53 canbe deformed into a wedge shape or point to assist pounding the post 53into the ground. Also, if desired, an upper end of the post 53 can bedeformed to provide a better head structure for receiving impacts from adriver tool for pounding the post 53 into the ground. Alternatively, amatingly-shaped anvil head can be formed on the driving tool with ashape to engage a top of the post 53 and to distribute stress and resistdeformation as the post 53 is being pounded into the ground.

A post connector 75 (also called a “locking clip” or “locking device”herein) (FIG. 7) includes an elongated U-shaped body having opposingwalls 76 connected by transverse wall 77, with outwardly-extendingattachment tabs 78 spaced along the opposing walls 76 and positioned toengage attachment holes 74 in the post 53 and simultaneously engageattachment holes 74′ along the vertical side edges of the associatedmonocoque 51. The post connector 75 has a width and shape to matablywedge into the laterally-open longitudinal slot 75′ (also called“laterally open channel” or “side slot”) provided by the parallel walls71 and 72 in the post 53 with the edge of the monocoque 51 also wedgedtherein, such that the tabs 78 resiliently flex and snap into positionduring installation. It is contemplated that the tabs 78 can beconfigured to securely engage with an audible snap, and that they can bedesigned to slip inside of the holes 74 and 74′ to provide a level ofclearance and tolerance to the assembly. The tabs 78 extend throughaligned holes of the solar panels, of the vertical side edges of themonocoque, and of the posts to create a sandwich-like connection thatspreads stress, and with tolerances to further reduce high stresslocations.

Alternatively, a tip of the tabs 78 can be slightly angled or have anouter tip that is deformed so that the tabs 78 do not slip within theassembly, but instead, so that the tips lock into the marginal materialforming the holes 74 to provide a more rigid and non-flexible assembly.It is also contemplated that push-in pins, rivets, snap fasteners,frictional stems, and other mechanical and non-mechanical fasteningmeans can be used to secure the edges of a monocoque to a post. Notably,the elongated shape of the connector 75 forms a double thick wall ofmaterial along the post's side slot, thus adding considerably to abending strength of the post after assembly.

A pin 79 (FIG. 5) is transversely extended through each post 53 at abottom of the post 53 (above ground level). The pin 79 extends throughthe side slot in the post 53, and is configured to temporarily hold themonocoque 51 by gravity at a desired height above the ground until thepost connector 75 is attached to fixedly retain the monocoque 51 to thepost 53 at a desired height, as described above. By providing multipleholes, the pin 79 can be used to selectively set the monocoque 51 atdifferent selected heights, which may be desired in some installationsto compensate for geographic features, slopes, and changes in groundlevel. Also, the pin 79 aligns holes 74 and 74′ in the post 53 and inthe monocoque 51 to facilitate field assembly of the monocoques 51 tothe posts 53 as the monocoques 51 are lowered into position. Notably,depending on a vertical position of the monocoques on the posts, it iscontemplated that the posts can extend above a top edge of themonocoques. The top cover 80′, discussed below, can be extended asnecessary to cover a top of the post sufficiently for its intendedpurpose.

A side-of-post elongated cover 80 (FIG. 7) includes cross section havinga curvilinear portion 81 and curled edges 82 forming a C-shape. Theedges 82 of the cover 80 are configured to overlap and frictionallyengage the angled flanges 72′ on the walls 71 and 72 of the post 53,such that the cover 80 can be longitudinally assembled onto the post 53to engage the angled tip flanges 72′ so that the cover 80 closes thewire access slot 70. The cover 80 is made from a treated metal orcorrosion resistant material similar to post 53, or can be made ofanother material such as a polymeric extrusion. By removing the cover80, the wiring can be quickly and easily pulled through access slot 70and inspected, and then stuffed back through the access slot 70 into thestorage cavity 69, which is important in the present system. The cover80 may be fixed by screws or another fastener if necessary to meet coderequirements. A boot-like top cover or cap 80′ is used to cover a top ofthe posts 53 and covers 80, thus maintaining closure of thewire-containing cavity 69 in the posts 53 from the weather and outdoorelements.

The monocoque 51 is made of a sheet of steel or aluminum, such as 2 mmto 6 mm thickness and 40 ksi to 80 ksi tensile strength, coated ortreated for resistance to corrosion and degradation in outdoor elements.The monocoque 51 is roll formed on a continuous process and cut tolength, such as to have a 6-10 foot width and 9-18 foot length, with thecurvature providing a concavity of about 1-3 foot depth. Notably,systems can be constructed to have greater or lesser curvatures, greateror lesser lengths, and greater or lesser widths. Channel ribs and/oredge flanges are formed across a width of the monocoques 51 for addedstrength and stiffness for maintaining its formed shape. Notably, thetop flange can be formed to have an up-L shape to form a continuouswireway for holding wires extending across the monocoque system. (SeeFIGS. 7, 8, 11, 12).

As noted above, the solar panels 52 can be flexible thin-film PVmaterial forming multiple solar cells, such as those made by Uni Solaror other public companies, or can be small rigid tiles attached to themonocoque, such as by adhesive. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the solarpanels 52 are thin film PC material adhered to the outer curved surfaceof the monocoque 51. This attachment can be done at the end of the rollforming process (see FIG. 14) or can be done in a secondary process,such as prior to shipping the monocoques to the field site forinstallation.

The monocoque 51 (FIG. 10) is made from a single sheet of material, suchthat it is not necessary to stack multiple monocoque sections together.However, if additional longitudinal strength and stiffness is desired,channels 86′ can be rolled into the sheet, or alternatively otherdeformations and patterns of embossments can be formed into a body ofthe sheet. The illustrated monocoque 51 has a simple one-directioncurvature, where the monocoque 51 includes a transverse cross section ina first direction that defines a curve and a perpendicular transversecross section that define a straight line. However, it is contemplatedthat the monocoque could be complexly curved or include multiple curvesor curvilinear shapes, with the curves or curvilinear shapes beingformed in perpendicular cross sections.

In FIG. 6, when assembled, an edge of the monocoque 51 is held by theconnector 75 in a juxtaposed abutting position against the front wall 71of the channel-forming edge portion 66, and the wires from the solarpanel 52 (which extend from a rear-facing electrical connection on arear of the solar panel 52, and which are located in a hole in themonocoque, such that the wires extend from a rear side of the monocoque51) extend through aligned holes in the bracket connector 75 and thepost 53 into the cavity 69.

FIG. 6A shows a modification where, when assembled, an edge of themonocoque 51 is held by the connector 75 in a juxtaposed abuttingposition against the rearmost wall 71 of the channel-forming edgeportion 66, and the wires from the solar panel 52 (which extend from afront-facing electrical connection on a front of the solar panel 52,such that the wires extend from a front side of the monocoque 51) extendthrough aligned holes in the bracket connector 75 and the post 53 intothe cavity 69.

It is contemplated that different mechanical connecting arrangements canbe made at the posts, and that the electrical wiring can be revisedaccordingly. For example, it is contemplated that the electricalconnection could be located on a front of the solar panel 52, with wiresbeing routed through a hole in a side of the bulbous section 65 (notspecifically shown, but see FIGS. 6-6A). A rubber grommet or other meanscould be used in the wire routing holes to minimize the likelihood ofthe sheet metal of post 53 creating an electrical short in the wires.The grommet would also minimize water intrusion into the post. Notably,still other arrangements are contemplated. For example, the edge of themonocoque 51 could abut the rear wall 71 of the channel-forming edgesection 66, and held in that position by the connector 75. In suchcircumstance, the wires would be routed through aligned holes in theconnector 75 and the post wall 73, similar to the arrangement shown inFIG. 6. See also the wire routing shown in FIG. 7, and the flat blank ofsheet metal with pre-pierced holes ready for roll forming. Notably, thepre-piercing could be done in-line with the roll forming operation, orin advance of the roll forming operation, or after same.

In the following descriptions, similar and identical components,features, and characteristics are identified using the sameidentification number but with the addition of a letter “A,” “B,” oretc. This is done to reduce redundant discussion.

The monocoque 51 (FIG. 10) is made from a single sheet. Contrastingly,the monocoque 51A (FIG. 10A) includes several monocoque sections 51A′each having a laterally-flat body 85 that is longitudinally curved, andeach with longitudinally extending edge flanges 86 on opposite sides ofthe body 85. The monocoque sections 51A′ can be stacked on top of eachother and retained by spaced posts 53 and post connectors 75.Alternatively, the abutting flanges 86 can be attached together by welds86′, rivets, or other fasteners to make a single solid unit similar tothe single-sheet monocoque 51.

The monocoque 51 and 51A are made from a single thickness of metal. Themonocoque 51B (FIG. 10B) includes a foam sheet (such as one inch thick)and further includes a skin (such as paper or polymer sheet or metal orother durable sheet) with good tensile strength adhered to the front andrear of the sheet. Monocoque 51B can also include flanges, embossments,dimples, or other features formations therein if desired. Brackets canbe added, and holes punched/formed as needed.

Notably, the multiple bends in the post 53 and/or the monocoque 51 (or51A) add considerable bending strength to the post due to work hardeningof the material during the roll forming process. Thus, a preferred post53 has multiple bends, such as the bends 2-9 in FIG. 8. It may also bepreferable to make its bulbous section slightly flattened for increasedstrength (rather than making it perfectly cylindrical), depending onfunctional requirements of a particular system.

FIGS. 10C-10E show alternative post constructions. Specifically, FIG.10C illustrates a post 53A similar in shape to the post 53 andconfigured to receive and engage post connectors 75. Post 53A is formedby welding together three roll formed U-shaped members 90, 91, 92. Thecenter member 90 includes parallel walls welded to a transverse wall inthe outer two members 91 and 92. The outer two members 91 and 92 formpockets for receiving the post connector 75. The center member 90 formsa wire access slot and wire storage area, and includes legs shaped toengage a cover 80.

The post 53B (FIG. 10D) is tubular, and as a result has increasedstrength (if similar materials are used) or is lighter in weight (ifthinner materials are used, while taking advantage of the strength ofthe tube). Notably, the post 53B will have apertures formed in it toprovide access to wiring held within the tubular portion of the post53B.

FIG. 10E illustrates an extruded post 53B that also includes opposingcavities for receiving edges of the monocoques 51 and the postconnectors 75. The illustrated post 53B is extruded, and does notprovide any wiring storage area. Instead, it is contemplated that acover 80B will be attached to store the wiring therein. Alternatively,wiring can be routed along a top flange on the monocoque bent to form awireway. (See FIG. 17.)

FIG. 10E includes a post 53C roll formed into a complete I-shaped tube.Wire storage can be located outside the tube under a cover 80C.Alternatively, wiring can be routed along a top flange on the monocoque.(See FIG. 17.)

FIGS. 11 and 12 show details of wire routing and storage. As noted, thesolar panels 52 include an area of solar cells 95 and also a multi-inchwide strip 96 along their vertical side edges. Electrical terminal 97 islocated in the strip 96 and includes wiring 55 extending from positiveand negative ports in the terminal 97. The wiring 55 is extended throughwiring access holes 63 into the post 53 (FIG. 11). When access isdesired, the cover 80 is removed, and the wiring 55 pulled so that theelectrical connectors 98 can be inspected/connected/repaired. Notably,the length of wires will be determined by the location of electricalconnections, depending upon the arrangement of series or parallelcircuit designs. It is contemplated that a person skilled in this artwill be able to arrange wiring as necessary, given the horizontal andvertical wire routing capabilities of the monocoque and post systems.

FIGS. 13-13A show a field installation and grid considerations. It iscontemplated that the solar panels 52 on a typical 6′×9′ monocoque 51can generate 50 vdc. (See FIG. 13.) Thus a 20 panel “fence” with solarpanels connected in a series circuit can generate 1000 vdc and 10 kwp,and a five row array of 20-panel “fences” (see FIG. 1) connected in aparallel circuit arrangement would generate 1000 vdc and 50 kwp. FIG.13A shows that this can be multiplied into a 1,000 vdc and 1000 kwpsystem by using a 5 by 4 array of 50 panel matrix patterns 140 connectedby wires 141. It is noted that the values of 50 vdc, 1000 vdc and 1 Mwpvdc are important hurdle rates as a system is bumped up in power andvoltage.

The circuit 54 for handling the power generated by the present system 50includes wiring 141 that communicates electrical power from the solarpanels 52 on each monocoque 51 to a substation 101, and additionalwiring communicates the power to a central station 103 with controller56 for controlling flow and power management. The system can includeremote sensors 105 and a transmitter that transmit signals 106 to areceiver 107 on the controller 104 for providing data for powermanagement. For example, the sensors 105 can report power generation,voltage, current problems or status, enabling the controller 104 tooptimize the system by reconnecting various parts of the system to formdifferent series or parallel circuits. Also, the controller 104 couldcontrol the system to allow for safe repair and/or maintenance.

Notably, the present system shown in FIG. 13A can become an element of asmart-grid system. This is accomplished by communicating with a utilitysystem's operators, allowing power to be stored or dispatched to anexternal grid as desired.

FIG. 14 shows a roll-forming process 150 for forming the illustratedmonocoque. For example, the roll forming process would use a rollforming apparatus similar to the shown in Sturrus U.S. Pat. Nos.5,092,512 and 5,454,504. In FIG. 14, a continuous roll of metal sheetmaterial is roll formed to have a longitudinally curved shape withchannel-ribs, embossments, and edge flanges as desired for a particularsolar installation. In FIG. 14, the individual monocoques 51 are cut toa desired length from the continuous rolled sheet. On a “catch” table atan end of the roll forming process, a vertical lift helps assemblyflexible peel-and-stick solar PV material onto the individual monocoques51. Alternatively, the individual monocoques can be flipped and thesolar panels attached from above. Notably, flexible peel-and-stick solarPV material is commercially available, such as from Uni Solar Company, aUS company. It is contemplated that the solar panel can be attached tothe rolled sheet metal at an end of the roll forming process or atanother station. It is noted that the rolled metal sheet material ispreferably pre-punched with holes prior to the roll forming operation.

FIGS. 15-16 show an installation methodology. In particular, FIG. 15illustrates an automated post-driving machine 153 with post drivingdevice 154 for driving the posts 53 into the soil-type ground at adesired angle. As noted above, the machine can be controlled via GPSand/or other accurate positioning device. Where the ground is rock orother hard structure, the post holes may need to be drilled and theposts held by cement, using an eternal brace to maintain an orientationof the post until the cement cures. Surface ballasts (e.g. sand bags orrock) and/or guy wires and/or anchor cables and/or tie lines can also beused to hold the posts 53. These are particularly attractive for solarpower systems used in rapid deployment situations, such as for militaryor emergency service operations. Notably, the posts 53 are installed atan optimal angled position relative to the position of the sun. Afterinstalling the posts 53, the monocoques 51 (including the solar panels52) are slipped downwardly between adjacent posts 53, with the verticalside edges of each of the monocoques 51 engaging the matinglaterally-open slot in the side of the posts 53. Connectors 75 areapplied to fixedly retain the monocoques 51 to the posts 53.

It is contemplated that features can be incorporated into the rolledmonocoques 51 and/or into the posts 53. FIG. 17 illustrates a monocoque51C with top flange 110 rolled to form along the monocoque's top edge anoverhang with an up-facing integral wireway channel 111 under theoverhang. Notably, the overhang of the wireway channel 111 protects thewiring 55 from weather and outdoor elements, but also allows the wiring55 to be easily pulled for inspection.

Depending on which style of post is used (see FIGS. 6, 10C-10F), apanel-to-panel jumper box 113 may be desired (FIG. 18). The jumper box113 shields and protects wiring 55, yet allows the wiring 55 to berouted around the posts from monocoque to monocoque. The illustratedjumper box 113 includes a lower portion 114 continuing the wire way ofchannel 111 around the associated post 53, and further includes a topportion 115 forming a top cap for the associated post 53.

FIGS. 19-22 show additional modified installations/constructions, and inparticular show a variety of different ways that the present monocoqueand post system can be used. FIG. 19 includes posts 53 set in concretefoundations 120, with the monocoque 51 held in position between theposts 53. FIG. 20 includes posts 53 held upright on standards 122, withthe monocoque 51 held in position between the posts 53. The standards122 are held in spaced apart positioned by a transverse beam 123, thebeam 123 being held down by sand bags 124 or other retaining means. Alsoangled beams extend from the transverse beam 123 to form a triangulararrangement that extends forwardly or rearwardly from the monocoque forstability. A lighted sign is connected to the solar panel and to abattery for electrical power for powering lights on the sign, thusmaking it a stand-alone self-charging operating sign system. FIG. 21includes posts 53 held upright on standards 122, with the monocoque 51held in position between the posts 53. The standards 122 are held to theground by ground-engaging stakes, and also by anchoring cables or guywires 125 that extend at angles from a top of the posts 53.

FIG. 22 illustrates the present system 50 with monocoques 51 and posts53 used as a fence around a parking lot. It is contemplated that thepresent system 50 including a row of the monocoques 51 can be used as avisual and/or physical shield in many different environments whiledoubly acting as a device for generating solar power. Notably, thepresent system 50 is also effective even if adjacent monocoque 51 in arow face in opposite directions. In such case, the visual “fence”created would include back and forth curves along its length.

FIG. 23 (showing an assembled line of the modified system) and FIG. 24(showing an exploded view of same) show an additional modified monocoquewhere a part of the post function is incorporated into the vertical sideedge of the monocoque. For example, in FIG. 23, the monocoque 51Dincludes vertical side edges 130 and 131. The vertical side edge 130includes a curved outer portion 132. The opposite side edge 131 includesa similar but slightly larger curved outer portion 133 that is adaptedto slide telescopingly onto the first curved outer portion 132. Theillustrated portions 132 and 133 have a cross section forming about 345degrees of a circle. The posts 53D of this system are solid metal rods.It is contemplated that the vertical side edges of the monocoques couldbe mating non-circular shapes designed to snap together laterally, orthat they can be designed as shapes that rotate into inter-engagement(similar to rotating a claw into a soft structure), or can be designedas shapes that vertically telescopingly engage.

The illustrated outer portions 132 and 133 are configured to slip onto asolid post 53D (or round tubular post). The post 53D can be driven intothe ground, or can be secured to a flat plate. (See FIGS. 20 and 21.) Itis contemplated that the portions 132 and 133 can be assembled onto thepost first, or alternatively assembled to each other first and then slidonto the solid post 53D. It is contemplated that is some circumstances,the combination of portions 132 and 133 provide sufficient strengthalong the vertical side edges such that they would eliminate the needfor a post. For example, see FIGS. 20 and 21, including the standards ata bottom of the drawings. It is contemplated that the standards can be aflat plate engaging the ground and having a stud of about 6 to 10 inchesextending upwardly.

It is to be understood that variations and modifications can be made onthe aforementioned structure without departing from the concepts of thepresent invention, and further it is to be understood that such conceptsare intended to be covered by the following claims unless these claimsby their language expressly state otherwise.

1. A modular solar panel system comprising: a plurality of monocoqueseach defining a self-supporting curved shape and each including at leastone solar panel on the curved shape; ground-engaging supports eachengaging and supporting adjacent vertical side edges of the monocoques;and an electrical circuit interconnecting the at least one solar panelon each of the monocoques for electrical flow and power management. 2.The system defined in claim 1, wherein the monocoques are made from thinsheets bent to form the curved shape.
 3. The system defined in claim 2,wherein the sheets have at least one of channel ribs and bent flanges,so that structural strength derived from the sheets maintains the curvedshape.
 4. The system defined in claim 1, wherein the at least one solarpanel is attached to a convex side of the curved shape.
 5. The systemdefined in claim 1, wherein the at least one solar panel includesphotoactive materials deposited directly on the monocoques.
 6. Thesystem defined in claim 1, wherein the ground-engaging supports includeposts.
 7. The system defined in claim 1, wherein the posts are tubularand define a channel adapted to receive and house wires therein.
 8. Asolar panel system comprising: a self-supporting monocoque formed from acurved panel sufficiently stiff to structurally self-maintain a shape ofthe curved panel and including an exterior curved support surface facinggenerally upwardly toward the sun when in an installed position; and anelectrical circuit including a plurality of solar cells supported on thesupport surface and interconnected for electrical flow and powermanagement.
 9. The system defined in claim 8, wherein the monocoqueincludes a formed sheet having a curved shape with at least one ofchannel ribs and bent flanges extending across the sheet to make thesheet sufficiently rigid to maintain the curved shape in the presence ofwind and environmental stresses.
 10. The system defined in claim 8,wherein the at least one solar panel is attached to a convex side of thecurved shape.
 11. The system defined in claim 8, wherein the at leastone solar panel includes photoactive materials deposited directly on themonocoques.
 12. The system defined in claim 8, wherein the monocoqueseach include integral flanges formed along at least one edge of themonocoque for strength.
 13. The system defined in claim 8, wherein theelectrical circuit includes a controller connected to the solar cellsand programmed to combines electrical power from the plurality of solarcells selectively in series or in parallel for controlling powergeneration.
 14. A modular solar panel system comprising: a stressed skinsupport structure including at least one sheet defining a curved shapewhere strength derived from the curved shape assists in self-maintainingthe shape in at least one direction, the at least one sheet defining anenlarged outwardly-facing support surface; and a plurality of solarcells supported on the support surface.
 15. A solar panel systemcomprising: a plurality of units arranged in a row with vertical sideedges of adjacent pairs of the units being aligned and near each other,each unit including a stressed-sheet support structure with a curvedsurface between the vertical side edges, and further including at leastone solar cell on the curved surface; and a plurality of ground-engagingsupports, each having first and second opposing surfaces engaging andsupporting the first and second vertical edges of the adjacent units,respectively, whereby thermal expansion of the units is taken up by atleast one of tolerances of the units and ground-engaging supports and bya change in a curvature of the units undergoing thermal dimensionalchange.
 16. A solar panel system comprising: an alternatinginterconnected assembly of solar-cell-supporting monocoques andground-engaging supports forming a continuous fence-simulating pattern,with each of the ground-engaging supports engaging adjacent verticaledges of an adjacent pair of the monocoques; the monocoques eachincluding at least one solar-cell on a curved area of the monocoques anda circuit connected to the at least one solar cell; whereby thermalexpansion of the units is taken up by at least one of tolerances of theunits and posts and/or by a change in a curvature of the unitsundergoing thermal dimensional change.